Croton stipulaceus Kunth, a native Mexican medicinal plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities / Croton stipulaceus Kunth, planta medicinal mexicana con actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria

Leaves of Croton stipulaceuswere extracted (EHex, ECHCl3and EEtOH extracts) to assesstheir antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory activity in murine models and acute toxicity. EEtOH showed the highest effect in DPPH (37.80% inhibition), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) and total polyphenols (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). EHex was the most active, ~ 50% inhibition of TPA-induced ear edema; while EEtOH (dose of 2 mg/ear) showed the highest inhibition in the chronic model (97% inhibition), and inhibited MPO activity (48%). In carrageenan-induced edema, ECHCl3(dose 500 mg/kg) was the most active. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity (LD50) at 2 g/kg (p.o.). This work is the first report that supports the traditional use of C. stipulaceusas an anti-inflammatory.

De las hojas de Croton stipulaceusse obtuvieron diferentes extractos (EHex, ECHCl3y EEtOH) evaluando el potencial antioxidante y la actividad antiinflamatoria en modelos murinos y la toxicidad aguda. El EEtOH mostró mayor efecto en DPPH (37.80% inhibición), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) y polifenolestotales (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). El EHex fue el más activo, cercano al 50% de inhibición del edema auricular inducido con TPA; mientras que el EEtOH (dosis de 2 mg/oreja) mostró la mayor inhibición en el modelo crónico (97% inhibición), e inhibió la actividad de la MPO (48%). En el edema inducido con carragenina, el ECHCl3(dosis 500 mg/kg) fue el más activo. Ninguno de los extractos mostró una toxicidad aguda (DL50) mayor a 2 g/kg (p.o). Este trabajo es el primer reporte que sustenta el uso tradicional de C. stipulaceuscomo antiinflamatorio.

Infestation of Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) plants by Neotuerta platensis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in Brazil: evaluations for five consecutive years / Infestação de plantas de Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) por larvas de Neotuerta platensis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) no Brasil: avaliações por cinco anos consecutivos

The bioecology and infestation aspects of Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on plants are poorly known. This insect fed on the leaves of common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) for two consecutive years, which triggered its study in the following five years in Januária, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the bioecology and infestation aspects of N. platensis on P. oleracea plants in the field and laboratory. The mean duration (± SD) of the egg, larva and pupa stages was 3.6 ± 0.89, 11.5 ± 2.81 and 10.7 ± 1.97 days, respectively. The mean numbers of egg masses and eggs per female (± SD) were 3.8 ± 1.16 and 891.6 ± 116.83, respectively. The percentage of infested plants was 59, 74, 0, 78 and 75% and the mean numbers of larvae per plant (± SD) ranged from 0.7 ± 0.45 to 1.6 ± 0.49 individuals, respectively from 2015 to 2019. Neotuerta platensis larvae infested P. oleracea plants in four out of five years evaluated.

Os aspectos de bioecologia e infestação de Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em plantas são pouco conhecidos. Esse inseto se alimentou das folhas de beldroega comum, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) por dois anos consecutivos, o que desencadeou seu estudo nos cinco anos seguintes em Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a bioecologia e os aspectos da infestação de N. platensis em plantas de P. oleracea em campo e laboratório. A duração média (± DP) dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa foi de 3,6 ± 0,89, 11,5 ± 2,81 e 10,7 ± 1,97 dias, respectivamente. Os números médios de posturas e ovos por fêmea (± DP) foram de 3,8 ± 1,16 e 891,6 ± 116,83, respectivamente. A porcentagem de plantas infestadas foi de 59, 74, 0, 78 e 75% e os números médios de larvas por planta (± DP) variaram de 0,7 ± 0,45 a 1,6 ± 0,49 indivíduos, respectivamente de 2015 a 2019. Larvas de N. platensis infestaram plantas de P. oleracea em quatro dos cinco anos avaliados.

Infestation of Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) plants by Neotuerta platensis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in Brazil: evaluations for five consecutive years

Abstract The bioecology and infestation aspects of Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on plants are poorly known. This insect fed on the leaves of common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) for two consecutive years, which triggered its study in the following five years in Januária, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the bioecology and infestation aspects of N. platensis on P. oleracea plants in the field and laboratory. The mean duration (± SD) of the egg, larva and pupa stages was 3.6 ± 0.89, 11.5 ± 2.81 and 10.7 ± 1.97 days, respectively. The mean numbers of egg masses and eggs per female (± SD) were 3.8 ± 1.16 and 891.6 ± 116.83, respectively. The percentage of infested plants was 59, 74, 0, 78 and 75% and the mean numbers of larvae per plant (± SD) ranged from 0.7 ± 0.45 to 1.6 ± 0.49 individuals, respectively from 2015 to 2019. Neotuerta platensis larvae infested P. oleracea plants in four out of five years evaluated.

Resumo Os aspectos de bioecologia e infestação de Neotuerta platensis Berg, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em plantas são pouco conhecidos. Esse inseto se alimentou das folhas de beldroega comum, Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) por dois anos consecutivos, o que desencadeou seu estudo nos cinco anos seguintes em Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a bioecologia e os aspectos da infestação de N. platensis em plantas de P. oleracea em campo e laboratório. A duração média (± DP) dos estágios de ovo, larva e pupa foi de 3,6 ± 0,89, 11,5 ± 2,81 e 10,7 ± 1,97 dias, respectivamente. Os números médios de posturas e ovos por fêmea (± DP) foram de 3,8 ± 1,16 e 891,6 ± 116,83, respectivamente. A porcentagem de plantas infestadas foi de 59, 74, 0, 78 e 75% e os números médios de larvas por planta (± DP) variaram de 0,7 ± 0,45 a 1,6 ± 0,49 indivíduos, respectivamente de 2015 a 2019. Larvas de N. platensis infestaram plantas de P. oleracea em quatro dos cinco anos avaliados.

Variation in morphological, biochemical and antioxidant properties of Lilium polyphyllum

Lilium polyphyllum D.Don ex Royle belonging to family Liliaceae is a medicinal plant distributed in temperate to high altitude regions of Himalaya. Its bulbs have been used for anti-aging and vitality properties in >30 formulations of Ayurveda. Therefore, the knowledge on various traits of the plant is necessary so that quality of the finished products could be maintained. Present study investigates, morphological, biochemical and antioxidant properties in different populations of L. polyphyllum. A significant variation was recorded in different morphological parameters (Plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight). Variation was also recorded for total soluble protein (7.81-11.35 mg/g), soluble sugar (96.14-116.14 mg/g), starch (116.37-122.43 mg/g) and total free amino acid (18.22-26.00 mg/g). Antioxidant properties in the bulb were determined and ABTS activity was 4.22 mM /100 g, DPPH activity recorded 0.85 mM/100 g and FRAP activity was 1.50 mM/100 g dw ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. The diversity in wild populations of the species may serve as a baseline data for future breeding, domestication and conservation program.

Research progress in strigolactones and application prospect in medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Strigolactones(SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids derived from the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway with the core carbon skeleton consisting of tricyclic lactone(ABC tricyclic ring) and α,β-unsaturated furan ring(D ring). SLs are widely distributed in higher plants and are symbiotic signals between plants and Arbuscular mycorrhiza(AM), which play key roles in the evolution of plant colonizing terrestrial habitats. As a new type of plant hormone, SLs possess such important biological functions as inhibiting shoot branching(tillers), regulating root architecture, promoting secondary growth, and improving plant stress resistance. Therefore, SLs have attracted wide attention. The biological functions of SLs are not only closely related to the formation of "excellent shape and quality" of Chinese medicinal materials but also have important practical significance for the production of high-quality medicinal materials. However, SLs have been currently widely studied in model plants and crops such as Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana, and few related studies have been reported on SLs in medicinal plants, which need to be strengthened. This review focused on the latest research progress in the isolation and identification, biological and artificial synthesis pathways, biosynthesis sites and transport modes, signal transduction pathways and mechanisms, and biological functions of SLs, and prospected the research on the regulation mechanism of SLs in the growth and development of medicinal plants and their related application on targeted regulation of Chinese herbal medicine production, which is expected to provide some references for the in-depth research on SLs in the field of Chinese medicinal resources.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Boesenbergia rotunda, Pinostrobin, and Their Derivatives: Dominance of Southeast Asian Researchers

Pinostrobin, marker compounds from Boesenbergia rotunda with various pharmacological activities, have been studied extensively, including synthesizing its derivatives, which have potent pharmacological activities. This study aims to describe research related to B. rotunda, pinostrobin, and their derivatives. Metadata information was collected from Scopus in August 2022, with three keywords searched for article titles, abstracts, and keywords. Analysis and research mapping were carried out with VOSviewer. The most widely used synonym for the plant name was "Boesenbergia rotunda", in which Norzulaani Khalid from the University of Malaya, Malaysia, mostly reported research with the keywords "Boesenbergia rotunda", "pinostrobin", and "derivative". The majority of researchers come from institutions in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Interestingly, no Chinese researchers have reported studies on this topic. The journals and publishers that publish the most articles with these three keywords are Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters and Elsevier, respectively. This information will make it easier for researchers on this topic to find partners for collaboration and determine journals to publish their research results.

La pinostrobina, compuesto de marcadores de Boesenbergia rotunda con diversas actividades farmacológicas, se ha estudiado ampliamente, incluida la síntesis de sus derivados que tienen potentes actividades farmacológicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir investigaciones relacionadas con B. rotunda, pinostrobina y sus derivados. La información de metadatos se recopiló de Scopus en agosto de 2022, con tres palabras clave buscadas para títulos de artículos, resúmenes y palabras clave. El análisis y el mapeo de la investigación se realizaron con VOSviewer. El sinónimo más utilizado para el nombre de la planta fue "Boesenbergia rotunda", en el que Norzulaani Khalid de la Universidad de Malaya, Malasia, informó principalmente sobre investigaciones con las palabras clave "Boesenbergia rotunda", "pinostrobina" y "derivado". La mayoría de los investigadores provienen de instituciones del sudeste asiático como Malasia, Tailandia e Indonesia. Curiosamente, ningún investigador chino ha informado de estudios sobre este tema. Las revistas y editoriales que más artículos publican con estas tres palabras clave son Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters y Elsevier. Esta información facilitará a los investigadores sobre este tema encontrar colaboraciones y determinar las revistas para publicar los resultados de sus investigaciones.

Microscopic identification for roots from 4 medicinal plants of Actinidia genus / 药学实践杂志

Objective To perform microscopic identification for the roots of Actinidia macrosperma C.F. Liang, Actinidia valvata Dunn, Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc) Planch. ex Miq., Actinidia chinensis Planch., and provide the basis for judging medicinal materials exactly. Methods The powder microscopic characteristics of 4 medicinal plants of Actinidia genus were observed by microscopic identification method. Results Taking the morphological characteristics of calcium oxalate clusters, starch granules and ducts as the main differences, a key table was compiled to identify the roots of these four medicinal plants. Conclusion The microscopic identification method could effectively distinguish 4 Chinese herbs of Actinidia genus, and which is worth further studying.

Literature Survey on Edible Medicinal Plants in Lancang-Mekong Countries / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Lancang-Mekong countries refer to the six countries that the Lancang-Mekong River flows through， including China， Laos， Myanmar， Thailand， Cambodia， and Vietnam. These countries are geographically adjacent with similar cultures and have long history of traditional medicine and high plant diversity. Since ancient times， medicinal plants have been introduced into China from the countries along the river， including a variety of medicinal plants with edible and healthcare values， which is an important way for the transnational circulation of medicinal resources. This paper briefly described the history and application of edible medicinal plants in the six Lancang-Mekong countries and summarized more than 150 edible medicinal plants from the other five countries except China. These 150 medicinal plants belong to 66 families such as Labiatae， and 12 species of them are used as edible medicinal plants in all the six countries. Further， we collected the information of these edible medicinal plants， including the origins， efficacy， indications， medicinal edible parts， edible values， and the traditional application of these plants in China. Some valuable edible medicinal plants in the other five countries are considered to have a promising prospect of application in China and may be introduced to China as new medicinal resources. These efforts will be conducive to the cooperation in traditional medicine among Lancang-Mekong countries.

THERAPEUTIC USES OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA

New synthetic drugs have many side effects on health as compared to the traditional herbs used in the past.The use of medicinal plants have been en established source for a relief from illness which can be traced back over five millennia. Antibiotics are one of the life saving weapons for humans but over the past few decades these health benefits are under threat as antibiotics have become less effective and also create toxic after effects affecting human life more. The well-known medicinal herb Butea monosperma is a moderately Sizeable deciduous tree and is widely dispersed in Asian hemispheres, Burma and Sri Lanka. From time to time it has been used in traditional medicinal practices. It has been mentioned in ayurveda for medicinal uses and mythological references, also The population's health care system continues to be heavily influenced by traditional medical practises, homoeopathy, and folklore. Rural and tribal people utilise the herb extensively to treat a variety of ailments. It is known in many languages apart from its botanical name. It is called Flame of forest, Dhak, Palash etc. It has been used to treat a variety of illnesses including cancer, diabetes, dysentery, fever, jaundice, diarrhoea, and jaundice, among others. A great variety of phytochemicals, primarily flavonoids, lactones, diterpenoids, phytosterols, etc., are present in the plant's aerial portion. The need for new antimicrobial compounds from alternative sources has arisen as a result of the development of drug resistance in human infections against routinely used antibiotics. Finding possible novel chemicals for therapeutic purposes requires screening medicinal plants for antibacterial and phytochemical properties

Cardio-Protective Effect of the Leaf Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction

Background: Nowadays, myocardial infarction has been regarded as one of the chronic diseases with increasing mortality rate worldwide. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of this chronic disease is gaining wide acceptance globally. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to evaluate the cardio-protective effect of the leaf extract of A. paniculata in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Fresh green leaves of A paniculata were collected from the Faculty of Agriculture farmland, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. The plant was identified and authenticated at the Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University and a voucher specimen was deposited at the herbarium accordingly. The shredded, air-dried sample was then pulverized and weighed. Solvent-solvent (ethanol and water) (7:3) was used for extraction via maceration for 72 hr. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness to obtain the ethanol extract which was used for further bioassay study. The bioactive constituents of the plant extract were quantitatively analyzed by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The animals were administered with the extract of A. paniculata orally for seven days at a divided dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weights. On the eight day, myocardial infarction was induced through subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day diluted in 2 ml of saline on two consecutive days. Subsequently, the blood pressures were monitored and blood collected for bioassay studies. Results: The results of the study showed that the leaf extract of A. paniculata was rich in 2,5-Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester (28.21%); 1,2,3,5-Cyclohexanetetrol,(1à,2á,3à,5á)- (15.10 %) and 10-12-Pentacosadiynoic acid (13.05%). The findings also showed a significant decrease (p>0.05) in the Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of the treatment group compared with the untreated control group while the antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione) activities were significantly increased in the treatment group, compared with the untreated control group. Conclusion: The findings of this work have shown that leaf of A. paniculata was rich in bioactive compounds which could be synthesized to produce plant based products to combat cardiovascular diseases especially myocardial infarction.

Anti-proliferating effect of Ocimum sanctum and Centella asiatica plant extract on growth of human glioblastoma cells: An in vitro study

Glioblastoma is aggressive brain tumour with poor prognosis with conventional chemotherapy, hence there is need to find alternative targets for developing newer treatment. Advent of new treatment methods involving medicinal plants have shown to reduced Cancer mortalities and prevents development of drug resistance for chemotherapy. Present study aimed at investigates the anti-proliferating activity of two promising medicinal plants, Ocimum sanctum and Centella asiatica. We studied the effect of their plant extract on U87MG Glioblastoma cells proliferation, survival effect and apoptosis. Cytotoxic activity was assessed, after the plant extract treatment on U87MG using MTT assay with dose of 1 mg/mL to 25mg/mL and apoptosis assess was done using Annexin V assay with the three dose (1.5 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL). Survivin gene expression was studied using QRT-PCR (Rotar gene Q, Qiagene) has a marker of proliferation. Ocimum sanctum and Centella asiatica treatment of U87MG cells with dosage of 1.5 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL showed increase in mean apoptotic cells 2.8 %, 4.9%, 10 % and 3.1%, 5.8% and 7.2%, respectively, compared to untreated U87MG cells. Survivin gene analysis of U87MG cells showed down-regulation in gene expression and differences was significant in comparison to untreated control group with both the plant extract, Centella asiatica showed more down-regulation (97% with 2.5 mg/mL) than Ocimum sanctum. Ocimum sanctum and Centella asiatica exhibited promising anti-proliferating activity and induces apoptosis by down regulation of survivin gene expression

Origanum vulgare essential oil and carvacrol: natural alternatives against resistant bacteria / Óleo essencial de origanum vulgare e carvacrol: alternativas naturais contra bactérias resistentes / El aceite esencial de origanum vulgare y el carvacrol: alternativos naturales contra las bacterias resistentes

Bacteria that are resistant to several antibiotics are a serious One Health problem, as new alternatives for treatment do not appear at the same speed. Thus, the aim of this work was to carry out a survey of studies involving the activity of the essential oil of O. vulgare and its isolated compound carvacrol on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To this end, a qualitative review of the literature was carried out in the PubMed database from 2015 to 2020. Both for the essential oil and for the isolated compound, the inhibitory action extends to strains often associated with difficult-to-treat infections such as oxacillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ß-lactamase-producing strains, carbapenemases, among others. The point that distinguishes the studies is the type of methodology used in the tests, with studies with carvacrol more directed towards mechanisms of molecular action and application in cells and animals, while those with oils are more preliminary. Although these substances have potential to control resistant bacteria, more research is needed to enable their use.

Bactérias resistentes a vários antibióticos são um grave problema para a Saúde Única, pois novas alternativas de tratamento não aparecem na mesma velocidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento de estudos envolvendo a atividade do óleo essencial de O. vulgare e seu composto isolado, carvacrol, sobre bactérias resistentes a antibióticos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão qualitativa da literatura na base de dados PubMed no período de 2015 a 2020. Tanto para o óleo essencial quanto para o composto isolado, a ação inibitória se estende a cepas frequentemente associadas a infecções de difícil tratamento como Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina e vancomicina, cepas produtoras de ß-lactamase, carbapenemases, entre outras. O ponto que diferencia os estudos é o tipo de metodologia utilizada nos testes, sendo os estudos com carvacrol mais direcionados para mecanismos de ação molecular e aplicação em células e animais, enquanto os com óleos são mais preliminares. Embora essas substâncias tenham potencial para controlar bactérias resistentes, mais pesquisas são necessárias para viabilizar seu uso.

Las bacterias resistentes a diversos antibióticos son un grave problema para la Sanidad Única, ya que las nuevas alternativas de tratamiento no aparecen a la misma velocidad. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una encuesta sobre los estudios relativos a la actividad del aceite esencial de O. vulgare y su compuesto aislado, el carvacrol, sobre las bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica cualitativa en la base de datos PubMed en el periodo comprendido entre 2015 y 2020. Tanto para el aceite esencial como para el compuesto aislado, la acción inhibidora se extiende a cepas frecuentemente asociadas a infecciones de difícil tratamiento como el Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la oxacilina y a la vancomicina, cepas productoras de ß-lactamasas, carbapenemasas, entre otras. El punto que diferencia los estudios es el tipo de metodología utilizada en las pruebas, siendo los estudios con carvacrol más dirigidos a mecanismos de acción molecular y aplicación en células y animales, mientras que los de aceites son más preliminares. Aunque estas sustancias tienen potencial para controlar las bacterias resistentes, es necesario seguir investigando para que su uso sea viable.

Teaching and practice in Homeopathy via pharmacobotany and pathophysiology

Semiology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Phytotherapy and Homeopathy were taught through active methodology by the Moodle platform (HL) also using apps for monitoring injuries through SAPB site, building rationality for the external topic use of homeopathic and herbal medicines.At the 7th Infirmary of General Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia in Rio de Janeiro, the clinical medical team of the Benoit Mure Nucleus of Assistance Teaching and Research,made a medicinal plant gardenwith the agricultural/environmental educator, and communityethnicalleaders. Undergraduate students from UNIFASE/FMP Academic League of Physiology and Pathophysiology plantedCalendula Officinalis seedlings, destined to research in pharmacobotany and to be in touch with pharmacotechnical prepares. Aims: To follow-up the study since from seedling of Calendula Officinalistill to prepare of HUD. Methodology: To prepare medicinal garden: plant seedlings of Calendula offin accordance with good agricultural techniques. At first: Three seeds in ten pots, made in triplicate (N = 90), to obtain explants of quality analyzed whose evaluation was about plant development (explants percentual: weight, size, viability, morphology). To visit pharmacy-school to learn how to preparematrix extracts and High Ultra-Diluted Solutions (HUD) of Calendula off 6DH. Results and Discussion: The stages of teaching semiology and practice in pharmacobotany, besides cultive plant have been completed.Viability was impaired because of lack of irrigation during 4 months (50%). Weight, sizewere minor than usual but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Morphology was maintained. Unfortunately, the visit to pharmacy-school couldn't be performed at this period. Conclusion: Through hybrid learning and face-to-face activities completely realized, students had qualitative perception of the relevance about morphology and quality of plant development, chemistry plant production, aiming for resolutive actions based upon pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Because of pandemic, it was described just a preliminary experience. After returning to normal activities the experiment will be repeated.

Composição de fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas, determinação da atividade antioxidante e comparação de métodos extrativos da folha e da casca de Caryocar brasiliense / Composition of Phenolic, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Comparison of Extractive Methods of Leaf and Bark of Caryocar brasiliense

Introdução: Caryocar brasiliense é conhecida popularmente como Pequi ou Pequizeiro, sendo uma planta com propriedades medicinais para tratamento de doenças respiratórias, úlceras gástricas e dores musculares. Objetivo: comparar a extração de biocompostos por meio de dois métodos extrativos, agitação magnética e banho ultrassônico. Além disso, avaliar a atividade antioxidante, o teor de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e antocianinas em extratos das folhas e da casca de Pequi (C. brasiliense), com vistas a agregar valor quanto às suas propriedades funcionais. Metodologia: o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, flavonoides e antocianinas pelo método de Lima e Melo. A atividade antioxidante foi medida pelo método 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Resultados: o extrato das folhas de Pequi exibiu maior teor de fenólicos em relação à casca, independente do método de extração. O extrato das folhas obtido em banho ultrassônico apresentou forte atividade antioxidante com valor de 72,2%. Conclusão: os extratos de Pequi demonstraram um perfil fitoquímico promissor que deve ser investigado no futuro para aplicação farmacológica como adjuvante ou precursor na síntese de novos cosméticos ou medicamentos com propriedades antioxidante.

Introduction: Caryocar brasiliense is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, gastric ulcers and muscle pain. Objective: to compare the extraction of natural compounds using two extractive methods, magnetic stirring and ultrasonic bath. In addition, to evaluate the antioxidant activity, the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the leaves and bark of Pequi (C. brasiliense), with a view to adding value through its functional properties. Methodology: the phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoids and anthocyanins by the Lima and Melo method. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrilhhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: the extract of the Pequi leaves exhibited a higher phenolic content in relation to the bark for both extraction methods. The Pequi leaf in an ultrasonic bath showed strong antioxidant activity with a value of 72.2%. Conclusion: Pequi extracts demonstrated a promising phytochemical profile that should be investigated in the future for pharmacological application as an adjuvant or precursor in the synthesis of a new cosmetic or medicine with antioxidant function.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the toxic potential of ethanolic extract and fractions of Ageratum fastigiatum / Triagem fitoquímica e avaliação do potencial tóxico do extrato etanólico e frações de Ageratum fastigiatum / Cribado fitoquímico y evaluación del potencial tóxico del extracto etanólico y fracciones de Ageratum fastigiatum

SUMMARY Introduction: Ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Ageratum fastigiatum are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Aim: To evaluate toxicity in Artemia salina and in the cells of the connective tissue of mice (L929). Methodology: The extract was partitioned and its hexane, dichloromethane and hydroalcoholic phases were submitted to the same test. The phytochemical screening of the phases of the extract was performed using tests aimed at the detection of secondary metabolites and GC-MS. Regarding A. salina, the hydroalcoholic phase exhibited the highest toxicity (LC50, 1.33 mg/mL) and the crude ethanolic extract was the least toxic (LC50, 4.81 mg/mL). In the assay of L929 cells, the dichloromethane phase was the most toxic (95.48% reduction in cell viability; LC50, 11.39 µg/mL), while the hydroalcoholic phase was the least toxic (cell death percentage, 55.67-19.38 %; LC50, 174.20 µg/mL). Result: The phytochemical study indicated the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, triterpenes/steroids and tannins. The GC-MS analysis identified the presence of terpenoids and a lycopsamine derivative (a pyrrolizidine alkaloid). Conclusion: These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. fastigiatum had constituents (i.e., phenolic compounds) that corroborate its use in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, the toxicity detected and the presence of 3'-acetyl lycopsamine (a chemotaxonomic marker of the genus that is hepatotoxic) indicates that this medicinal plant should be used with caution.

RESUMO Introdução: Os extratos etanólico e hidroalcoólico de Ageratum fastigiatum são usados na medicina popular como agentes antiinflamatório e analgésico. Objetivo: Avalidar quanto à sua toxicidade em Artemia salina e nas células do tecido conjuntivo de camundongos (L929). Metodologia: O extrato foi particionado e suas fases hexânica, diclorometânica e hidroalcoólica foram submetidas ao mesmo teste. A triagem fitoquímica das fases do extrato foi realizada por meio de testes visando a detecção de classes de metabólitos secundários e GC-MS. Resultados: Em relação a A. salina, a fase hidroalcoólica apresentou a maior toxicidade (CL50, 1,33 mg/mL) e o extrato etanólico bruto foi o menos tóxico (CL50_ 4,81 mg/mL). No ensaio de células L929, a fase de diclorometânica foi a mais tóxica (95,48% de redução na viabilidade celular; LC50, 11,39 µg/mL), enquanto a fase hidroalcoólica foi a menos tóxica (porcentagem de morte celular, 55,67-19,38 %; LC50, 174,20 µg/mL). O estudo fitoquímico indicou a provável presença de alcalóides, cumarinas, saponinas, triterpenos/ esteróides e taninos. A análise por GC-MS identificou a presença de terpenóides e um derivado de licopsamina (alcalóide pirrolizidínico). Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que o extrato etanólico de A. fastigiatum possui constituintes (ou seja, compostos fenólicos) que corroboram seu uso na medicina popular como agente antiinflamatório. No entanto, a toxicidade detectada e a presença da 3'-acetil licopsamina (um marcador quimiotaxonômico do gênero, que é hepatotóxico) indicam que essa planta medicinal deve ser usada com cautela.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los extractos etanólico e hidroalcohólico de Ageratum fastigiatum se utilizan en la medicina popular como agentes antiinflamatorios y analgésicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la toxicidad en artemia salina y en las células del tejido conectivo de ratones (L929). Metodología: El extracto se fraccionó y se sometieron a la misma prueba sus fases hexano, diclorometano e hidroalcohólica. El tamizaje fitoquímico de las fases del extracto se realizó mediante pruebas dirigidas a la detección de metabolitos secundarios y GC-MS. En cuanto a A. salina, la fase hidroalcohólica presentó la mayor toxicidad (CL50, 1,33 mg/mL) y el extracto etanólico crudo fue el menos tóxico (CL50, 4,81 mg/mL). En el ensayo de células L929, la fase de diclorometano fue la más tóxica (95,48% de reducción de la viabilidad celular; CL50, 11,39 µg/mL), mientras que la fase hidroalcohólica fue la menos tóxica (porcentaje de muerte celular, 55,67-19,38 %; CL50, 174,20 µg/mL). Resultado: El estudio fitoquímico indicó la probable presencia de alcaloides, cumarinas, saponinas, triterpenos/esteroides y taninos. El análisis GC-MS identificó la presencia de terpenoides y un derivado de licopsamina (un alcaloide de pirrolizidina). Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que el extracto etanólico de A. fastigiatum tenía constituyentes (es decir, compuestos fenólicos) que corroboran su uso en la medicina popular como agente antiinflamatorio. Sin embargo, la toxicidad detectada y la presencia de 3'-acetil licopsamina (un marcador quimiotaxonómico del género que es hepatotóxico) indica que esta planta medicinal debe utilizarse con precaución.

Inter and intra population phenotypic variability of Lippia integrifolia (Verbenaceae) and its natural situation in the west-center of Argentina / Variabilidad fenotípica inter e intra poblacional de Lippia integrifolia (Verbenaceae) y su situación natural en el centro-oeste de Argentina

The species Lippia integrifolia is an aromatic, sub-woody shrub, distributed from Northwest and Central Argentina to Bolivia. It is among the most important native aromatic species. It presents medicinal properties, some of which have been scientifically proven. As an alternative to harvesting, the process of domestication of the species was initiated. The objective of this work was to assess the phenotypic variability based on botanical-taxonomic and morpho-agronomic descriptors and the use of indicators to evaluate its natural situation in the west-center of Argentina. We worked in five wild populations, registering morphological variables, phenology, natural regeneration, herbivory and presence of diseases. L. integrifoliapresents a wide morphological variability, which can be explained with three morphological descriptors. Natural regeneration ́s rate is very low to zero, in four of the sites. The results obtained are of importance to make decisions related to the sustainable use in situ, and to begin a program of domestication of the species.

La especie Lippia integrifolia es un arbusto aromático, sub-leñoso, distribuido desde el noroeste y centro de Argentina hasta Bolivia. Es una de las especies aromáticas nativas más importantes. Presenta propiedades medicinales, algunas de las cuales han sido científicamente probadas. Como alternativa a la cosecha, se inició el proceso de domesticación de la especie. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la variabilidad fenotípica basada en descriptores botánico-taxonómicos y morfo-agronómicos y el uso de indicadores para evaluar su situación natural en el centro-oeste de Argentina. Trabajamos en cinco poblaciones silvestres, registrando variables morfológicas, fenología, regeneración natural, herviboría y presencia de enfermedades. L. integrifolia presenta una amplia variabilidad morfológica, que puede explicarse con tres descriptores morfológicos. La tasa de regeneración natural es muy baja a cero, en cuatro de los sitios. Los resultados obtenidos son importantes para tomar decisiones relacionadas con el uso sostenible in situ y para comenzar un programa de domesticación de la especie.

A Review of the Antioxidants from the medicinal plant, Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera, is a highly potent medicinal plant which is evergreen or deciduous in nature and it is found growing predominantly in the Sub-Himalayan regions of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. This plant is tagged as a medicinal plant because it contains various properties such as high antioxidant properties, anti- inflammatory, anti- cancer, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties. This review paper will highlight, focus and discuss the antioxidant properties possessed by Moringa oleifera supported by some experiments containing materials required, methods employed, results procured and discussion to support the evidences that prove the antioxidant properties found in this plant. The first and the second experiment is about the presence of flavonoid contents like Quercetin and Rutin found respectively that contributes to the antioxidant properties found in the plant of subject, Moringa oleifera. While, the third experiment is based on the application of the antioxidant properties found in the plant that contributes towards the enhancement of the meat quality thereby, this attribute of the plant having antioxidant properties is used in the meat industries.

Anti-dermatophyte activity of the aqueous extracts of Thai medicinal plants / Atividade antidermatófita dos extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais tailandesas

Medicinal plants have long been prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Different constituents of extracts have been used for treating of various infectious diseases. However, there is even less information available regarding the use in fungal skin infection. In order to assess traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential, this study is focused on exploring the anti-dermatophyte property of the plants that are currently used as traditional medicines. The potential of four different plant species were selected for investigate in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity. Ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.), and Acorus calamus (L.). were analysed for their total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content and were then subjected to test of their anti-dermatophyte properties using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative flavonoids and phenolics analysis of the extracts showed their biologically active constituents. Among the species examined, the result indicated that most of the extracts demonstrated anti-dermatophyte activity. In particular, A. calamus showed the highest efficacy against test organisms. The experiment confirmed the chemical constituents and efficacy of some selected plants and provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Thai plants in traditional medicine for fungal skin infections.

As plantas medicinais são prescritas há muito tempo na Tailândia, há séculos. Diferentes constituintes de extratos têm sido usados para o tratamento de várias doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem ainda menos informações disponíveis sobre o uso em infecções fúngicas da pele. A fim de avaliar as alegações tradicionais tailandesas sobre o potencial terapêutico, este estudo está focado em explorar a propriedade antidermatófita das plantas que são usadas atualmente como medicamentos tradicionais. O potencial de quatro espécies de plantas diferentes foi selecionado para investigar a atividade antidermatófita in vitro. Extratos etanólicos de Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.) e Acorus calamus (L.) foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo fenólico total, bem como ao conteúdo de flavonoides totais. E então submetidos ao teste de suas propriedades antidermatófitas usando o método de difusão em ágar bem. A análise qualitativa de flavonoides e fenólicos dos extratos mostrou seus constituintes biologicamente ativos. Entre as espécies examinadas, o resultado indicou que a maioria dos extratos demonstrou atividade antidermatófita. Em particular, A. calamus mostrou a maior eficácia contra organismos de teste. O experimento confirmou os constituintes químicos e a eficácia de algumas plantas selecionadas e fornece uma confirmação científica do uso de plantas tailandesas na medicina tradicional para infecções fúngicas da pele.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews / Caracterização fitoquímica e atividades biológicas de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-1 and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-1 . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-1) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-1). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-1 e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-1 em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-1 . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-1) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-1). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-1 inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN-γ e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.

Development and Evaluation of Vaginal Suppository Containing Althaea officinalis L. Polysaccharide Extract

Abstract Intrauterine adhesions cause several gynecological problems. Althaea officinalis L. roots known as marshmallows contain polysaccharides (M.P.) which possess anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities also can form a bio-adhesive layer on damaged epithelial membranes prompting healing processes. Vaginal formulations of herbal origin are commonly applied to relieve cervico-uterine inflammation. Herein, we aim to develop and evaluate vaginal suppositories containing polysaccharides isolated from the A. officinalis root. Six formulations (four P.E.G.-based and two lipid-based suppositories containing 25% and 50% M.P.) met standard requirements, which were then subjected to qualitative and quantitative evaluation. All suppositories exhibited acceptable weights, hardness, content uniformity, melting point, and disintegration time, which fall within the acceptable recommended limits. Higher concentrations of M.P. in PEG-bases moderately increased the hardness (p<0.05). PEG-formulations showed content uniformity>90% of the average content while it was 75-83% for suppocire formulations. All formulations disintegrated in<30minutes. In-vitro release test revealed that M.P. release from 25%-MP formulations was higher than that of 50%-M.P. suppositories. Overall, results revealed the feasibility of preparing P.E.G.-or lipid-based suppositories containing M.P., which met the B.P. quality requirement